Kazakhstan is the only CIS country with a multilevel pension insurance system. The Unified Accumulative Pension Fund (UAPF) evolved from a decentralized system of private pension funds, becoming a single state-owned entity in 2013-2014 to consolidate assets, improve returns, and manage mandatory pension contributions (10% of salary) under the National Bank's management, aiming for better financial security and a unified contributor database, though facing challenges like asset management and enabling limited withdrawals for specific purposes (housing, health) since 2021.